Skeletal muscle satellite cells are a muscle stem cell population that mediate posthatch muscle growth and repair. to the b.femoris satellite cells from 33 to 43°C during proliferation and differentiation. Similarly myogenin expression which is required for differentiation was also expressed at higher levels in p. major satellite cells in response to both cold and hot temperatures during proliferation and differentiation than b. femoris satellite cells. These data demonstrate that satellite cells from the anaerobic p. major muscle are more sensitive than satellite cells from the aerobic b. femoris muscle to both hot and cold thermal stress during myogenic proliferation and differentiation. Keywords: Chicken fiber type muscle satellite cells temperature Introduction Posthatch muscle growth occurs through a process called hypertrophy. This process is mediated by a population of adult stem cells termed satellite cells (Smith 1963; Moss and LeBlond 1971; Campion 1984; Hawke and Garry 2001). During the past several years research has shown that satellite cells are a multipotential mesenchymal stem cell population. As such satellite cells prefer to follow a myogenic pathway but NSC5844 may commit to alternative differentiation programs such as osteogenesis or adipogenesis under altered culture conditions (Asakura et?al. 2001; Shefer et?al. 2004; Vettor et?al. 2009). Satellite cell identity and function are regulated by a number of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) including myogenic determination factor 1 (MyoD) myogenin (MyoG) and myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4). While MyoD is functionally redundant with another MRF myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) the expression of at least one of these genes is essential for myoblast proliferation (Rudnicki et?al. 1993; Yablonka‐Reuveni and Rivera 1994). Alternately the function of both MyoG (Brunetti and Goldfine 1990; Yablonka‐Reuveni and Rivera 1994) and MRF4 (Hintenberger et?al. 1994; Kassar‐Duchossoy et?al. 2004) is to promote differentiation of satellite cells into myotubes. In broiler chickens satellite cells are maximally active immediately posthatch and responsive to nutritional regime (Halevy et?al. 2000; Mozdziak et?al. 2002; Velleman et?al. 2010; Kornasio et?al. 2011) and environmental changes (Halevy et?al. 1998 2001 2006 NSC5844 Mozdziak et?al. 2002). Satellite cells may respond differently to temperature based upon the fiber type of origin. Satellite cells taken from various fiber types are intrinsically different as they preferentially differentiate into the same fiber type from which they originated (Feldman and Stockdale 1991; Collins et?al. 2005; Huang et?al. 2006). Anaerobic type II fibers like the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle contain fast‐twitch fibers providing NSC5844 for rapid movements through glycolytic metabolism and have low levels of blood supply (Rosser et?al. 1996; Westerblad et?al. 2010). Aerobic type I slow‐twitch fibers have more blood supply and utilize oxidative metabolism for endurance activities (Peter et?al. 1972; Dahmane Go?nak et?al. 2010). Mixed fiber type muscles such as the biceps femoris (b. femoris) contain characteristics of both fiber types. Studies comparing chicken satellite cells from type II fast‐twitch anaerobic p. major and mixed fiber type b. NSC5844 femoris demonstrate NSC5844 that p. major satellite cells are more affected by external factors than b. NSC5844 femoris satellite cells (McFarland et?al. 1997; Powell et?al. 2014a b; Harding et?al. 2015). Rabbit Polyclonal to OR1D4/5. In chickens satellite cells are maximally active immediately after hatch (Halevy et?al. 1998 2001 2006 Mozdziak et?al. 2002). Therefore temperature changes that are part of poultry handling during this time may alter the satellite cell activity thereby affecting muscle growth. The objective of this study was to investigate how temperatures both below and above the normal in? vitro temperature of 38°C affects the proliferation and differentiation of chicken satellite cells isolated from different fiber type muscles. Materials and Methods Isolation of broiler pectoralis major and biceps femoris satellite cells Satellite cells were previously isolated from the p. major muscle or b. femoris muscle of 5‐week‐old female broilers from a Rock Cornish chicken background and pooled (gallus domesticus). Single satellite cells were isolated to create a clonal population using a Quixell cell manipulator robotic system (Stoelting Co. Wood Dale IL). Clonal populations were expanded and stored in liquid nitrogen until use (McFarland.