The small opening of the tips can cause cells to break due to shearing. In-silico prediction of Tankyrase binding motifs (TBMs), which in its simplest form consists of six to eight consecutive amino acids [4, 7, 8]. TBMs are recognized by tankyrases Ankyrin repeat clusters (ARCs) [7, 9, 10]. Out of the five ARCs, the central one (ARC3) is devoid of a known peptide-binding function while the other four (ARCs 1, 2, 4, and 5) each feature a highly Conserved peptide-binding pocket with similar 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid specificities [7, 10] (Fig. ?(Fig.1a).1a). Given four peptide-binding ARCs, tankyrase recognizes its binders multivalentlyMultivalent binding. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Substrate binding by Tankyrase. (a) Domain organization of human tankyrase and tankyrase 2 (modified from [31]). (b) and (c) Examples for ARCCTBM interactions studied by X-ray crystallography. (b) Human TNKS2 ARC4 is shown in surface representation with bound 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid TBM peptidesTankyrase Binders from 3BP23BP2 (SH3BP2, SH3 domain-binding protein 2) and MCL1 shown in stick representation with the core TBM octapeptide colored and surface areas represent different contact areas, as indicated, that mediate binding of the TBM peptides (Modified from [7] with permission from Elsevier/Cell Press). (c) ARC2 (from ARC2C3) of murine Tnks bound by the N-terminus of murine Axin1 (PDB accession code 3UTM), which contains two TBMs [11]. Each TBM binds one copy each of ARC2 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid in a dimeric ARC2-3 assembly. The figure was generated by superimposing the two ARC2-3 copies onto 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid each other; the surface of ARC2 bound by the first TBM is shown. TBMs are shown and labeled as in (b). The first TBM, shown in indicates insertion Mouse monoclonal to PEG10 sequences in AXIN1 and AXIN2. The TBMs of 3BP2, TRF1 (TERF1_HUMAN), and MERIT40 (BABA1_HUMAN), studied as model TBMs here, are predictionTankyrase Binders of tankyrase bindersIn-silico prediction of Tankyrase binding motifs (TBMs) gives reason to anticipate a broad involvement of Tankyrase in a wide range of biological functions [7]. To understand the complex biological roles of tankyrase, also in light of the considerable interest in tankyrase as a potential therapeutic target [5, 17], we require insights into the complement of tankyrase-binding proteins in the proteome. Here, we outline a hierarchical three-step candidate approach for identifying Tankyrase binders and substrates, providing further experimental detail on the method reported previously [7]. Step 1 1 constitutes TBM prediction, step 2 2 the evaluation of TBMs as direct ARC binders by fluorescence polarization (FP), and step 3 3 the validation of tankyrase binding and tankyrase-dependent PARylationPoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) in the full-length protein context. We chose two model proteins: the first identified Tankyrase binder, TRF1TRF1 (TERF1, Telomere repeat binding factor) [15], and a novel tankyrase binder, MERIT40MERIT40 (BABAM1, BRISC and 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid BRCA1-A complex member 1) (Mediator of RAP80 interactions and targetingProtein targeting subunit of 40 kDa, official gene name BABAM1), which was identified by the approach presented here [7]. The TBM from 3BP23BP2 (SH3BP2, SH3 domain-binding protein 2) serves as an additional example in the FP assay [7]. As part of step 2 2, we present a general method for the expression and purification of TNKS and TNKS2 ARCs from Escherichia coli (Table ?(Table1).1). ARCs 1, 4, and 5 can be produced as individual domainsTankyrase Binders. ARCs 2 and 3 are insoluble when produced independently; however, they can be produced as a double ARC2-3 construct. Moreover, the entire tankyrase N-termini with all five ARCs can be generated [7, 13]. Proteins are expressed with a cleavableCleavable tag N-terminal His6-GST tag His6-GST tag, which enables simple affinity purification, minimally followed by size exclusion chromatography upon tag removal. The subsequent FPFluorescence polarization (FP) assay uses a candidate TBM peptide, synthesized with a fluorescent label such as fluorescein, to directly measure the binding affinity to a tankyrase ARC or a set of ARCs. In this assay, the fluorescent peptide probe is excited by polarized light. The light emitted by an unbound probe loses most of its polarization due to its rapid motion in solution. When bound to an ARC, movement of the peptide is slowed down and a high degree of polarization retained in the emitted light. Titration of tankyrase ARCs at a constant probe concentration allows the dissociation constant (Kd)dissociation constant (Kd) to be determined [7, 18C20]. Upon confirmation of the isolated TBM, further validation.
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